Епідеміологія раку сечового міхура: сучасний стан проблеми
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Анотація
Рак сечового міхура (РСМ) посідає дев’яте місце серед пухлин всіх локалізацій, що становить приблизно 3%. Найчастіше це новоутворення зустрічається в розвинутих країнах. У чоловіків пухлина розвивається у 4 рази частіше, ніж у жінок. Розвитку РСМ сприяють зовнішні фактори ризику та внутрішні тригери. Тому комплексний аналіз факторів ризику є запорукою своєчасного попередження вказаної онкологічної патології.
Мета дослідження: провести сучасний огляд епідеміології РСМ та зовнішніх факторів ризику, що сприяють виникненню цієї патології.
Збір доказів. Проведено систематичний огляд епідеміології РСМ з використанням PubMed та Embase включно до березня 2023 р. Були включені статті, що повідомляли про таки фактори ризику, як стать, куріння, використання Е-цигарок, опіуму, професійні канцерогени, дієтичні фактори, зовнішні канцерогени, раса, геномно-фенотипні взаємодії, соціально-економічний статус. Мікробіомні фактори, уролітіаз, гіперплазія простати, тазова променева терапія, метаболічний синдром були виключені з цього дослідження.
Синтез доказів. Було проаналізовано 516 статей, що вивчали епідеміологію РСМ. Згідно з даними GLOBOCAN, у 2020 р. розповсюдженість РСМ становила 573 000 нових випадків в усьому світі, а смертність дорівнювала 213 000 випадків. Куріння та професійні шкідливості (ароматичні аміни та поліциклічні ароматичні гідрокарбонати) є найбільш суттєвими факторами ризику. Крім того, додатковими факторами ризику вважають деякі дієтичні фактори, генні особливості, вплив дизельних вихлопів та інші.
Висновки. Тютюнопаління та специфічні професійні шкідливості є найбільш важливими факторами ризику. Для зменшення частоти РСМ корисною є профілактична стратегія, що включає повну відмову від куріння, забезпечення безпеки робочого місця, дієту, попередження шистосомозних інфекцій. Але необхідні додаткові високоякісні дослідження для підтвердження початкових результатів, що зробить можливим своєчасне попередження РСМ.
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Автори зберігають авторське право, а також надають журналу право першого опублікування оригінальних наукових статей на умовах ліцензії Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, що дозволяє іншим розповсюджувати роботу з визнанням авторства твору та першої публікації в цьому журналі.
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